Treatment
In experiments, a treatment is something that researchers administer to experimental units. For example, a corn field is divided into four, each part is 'treated' with a different fertiliser to see which produces the most corn; a teacher practices different teaching methods on different groups in her class to see which yields the best results; a doctor treats a patient with a skin condition with different creams to see which is most effective.Treatments are administered to experimental units by 'level', where level implies amount or magnitude. For example, if the experimental units were given 5mg, 10mg,15mg of a medication, those amounts would be three levels of the treatment.(Definition taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1)
Factor
A factor of an experiment is a controlled independent variable; a variable whose levels are set by the experimenter.A factor is a general type or category of treatments. Different treatments constitute different levels of a factor. For example, three different groups of runners aresubjected to different training methods. The runners are the experimental units, the training methods, the treatments, where the three types of training methodsconstitute three levels of the factor 'type of training'.
(Definition taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1)
The specific questions that the experiment is intended to answer must be clearly identified before carrying out the experiment. We should also attempt to identifyknown or expected sources of variability in the experimental units since one of the main aims of a designed experiment is to reduce the effect of these sources ofvariability on the answers to questions of interest. That is, we design the experiment in order to improve the precision of our answers.
(Definition taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1)
Control
Suppose a farmer wishes to evaluate a new fertilizer. She uses the new fertilizer on one field of crops (A), while using her current fertilizer on another field of crops (B). The irrigation system on field A has recently been repaired and provides adequate water to all of the crops, while the system on field B will not berepaired until next season. She concludes that the new fertilizer is far superior.The problem with this experiment is that the farmer has neglected to control for theeffect of the differences in irrigation. This leads to experimental bias, the favoring of certain outcomes over others. To avoid this bias, the farmer should have tested the new fertilizer in identical conditions to the control group, which did not receive the treatment. Without controlling for outside variables, the farmer cannot conclude that it was theeffect of the fertilizer, and not the irrigation system, that produced a better yield of crops.
Another type of bias that is most apparent in medical experiments is the placebo effect. Since many patients are confident that a treatment will positivelyaffect them, they react to a control treatment which actually has no physical affect at all, suchas a sugar pill. For this reason, it is important to include control, or placebo, groups in medical experiments to evaluate the difference between the placebo effect and the actual effect ofthe treatment.
The simple existence of placebo groups is sometimes not sufficient for avoiding bias in experiments.If members of the placebo group have any knowledge (or suspicion) that they are not being givenan actual treatment, then the effect of the treatment cannot be accurately assessed. For this reason, double-blind experiments are generally preferable. In this case, neither the experimenters nor the subjects are aware of the subjects' group status. This eliminates the possibility that the experimenters will treat the placebo group differently from the treatmentgroup, further reducing experimental bias.
Randomization
Because it is generally extremely difficult for experimenters to eliminate bias using onlytheir expert judgment, the use of randomization in experiments is common practice.In a randomized experimental design, objects or individuals are randomly assigned (by chance) toan experimental group. Using randomization is the most reliable method of creating hom*ogeneous treatment groups, without involving any potential biases or judgments. There are several variations of randomized experimental designs, two of which are briefly discussed below.Completely Randomized Design
In a completely randomized design, objects or subjects are assigned to groups completely at random. One standard method for assigning subjects to treatment groups is to labeleach subject, then use a table of random numbers to select from the labelled subjects. This mayalso be accomplished using a computer. In MINITAB, the "SAMPLE" command will select a random sample of a specified size from a list of objects or numbers.Randomized Block Design
If an experimenter is aware of specific differences among groups of subjects or objects withinan experimental group, he or she may prefer a randomized block design to a completely randomized design. In a block design, experimental subjects are first divided intohom*ogeneous blocks before they are randomly assigned to a treatment group. If, for instance,an experimenter had reason to believe that age might be a significant factor in the effect of agiven medication, he might choose to first divide the experimental subjects into age groups, suchas under 30 years old, 30-60 years old, and over 60 years old. Then, within each age level, individuals would be assigned to treatment groups using a completely randomized design. In a block design, both control and randomization are considered.Example
A researcher is carrying out a study of the effectiveness of four different skin creams for the treatment of a certain skin disease. He has eighty subjects and plans todivide them into 4 treatment groups of twenty subjects each. Using a randomized block design, the subjects are assessed and put in blocks of four according tohow severe their skin condition is; the four most severe cases are the first block, the next four most severe cases are the second block, and so on to the twentiethblock. The four members of each block are then randomly assigned, one to each of the four treatment groups.
(Example taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1)
