Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (2024)

Backgrounders

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (1)

Anghel Saligny Bridge (Bulgac, iStockphoto)

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (2)

Anghel Saligny Bridge (Bulgac, iStockphoto)

Math, Physics, Science,

Let's Talk Science

5.91

Triangles are very strong shapes which makes them important when building strong and stable structures

You may have heard people say that a triangle is a strong shape. But why is this?

Why Triangles are a Strong Shape

When engineers build structures, they want to make sure that the structure can bear weight. In other words, they do not want the structure to fall down when a force is applied to it. For example, bridges must be able to hold up the materials that make the bridge, as well as all of the traffic travelling across it. One of the shapes that can bear weight very well is the triangle. But what makes triangles so good at this?

Let’s look at how a triangle transfers a force.

When a force (the load) is applied to one of the corners of a triangle, it is distributed down each side. The two sides of the triangle are squeezed. Another word for this squeezing is compression. The third side of the triangle is pulled, or stretched sideways. Another word for this stretching is tension.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (3)

How Triangles are Used in Bridges

You often see triangles used to create bridges. Bridges combine multiple triangles. They apply compression and tension in different places.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (4)

Triangles can be used to make trusses. Trusses are used in many structures, such as roofs, bridges, and buildings. Trusses combine horizontal beams and diagonal beams to form triangles. Bridges that use trusses are called truss bridges.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (5)

There are several different types of trusses used in bridge design. The type of truss depends on how the horizontal and diagonal beams are arranged. There are four main styles of trusses used to make bridges.

Warren truss

This uses diagonal beams that form equilateral triangles. These triangles have three sides of the same length.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (6)

Howe Truss

This uses diagonal beams that slope upwards towards the centre of the bridge until they meet in an upright isosceles triangle. This type of triangle has two sides of the same length, and a third side of a different length.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (7)

Pratt Truss

This uses diagonal beams that slope downward towards the centre of the bridge until they meet in an upside down isosceles triangle.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (8)

K Truss

This is a more complex type of truss that is made from back-to-back triangles that form K shapes.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (9)

Did you know?

The longest bridge in Canada is the Confederation Bridge, which is 12.9 km long. It connects New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.

How Triangles are Used in Roofs

A type of truss commonly used to support roofs is called a King Post truss. A king post truss has a horizontal beam called the tie beam and a vertical beam called the king post (hence its name). There are two posts that join the top of the king post with the tie beam to create triangle shapes. These posts are called principal rafters. Within these triangles, diagonal struts are added to connect the principal rafters to the king post. These struts make the roof even stronger.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (10)

Image - Labels

(1) King post

(2) Tie beam

(3) Principal rafters

(4) Struts

These king post trusses are then connected together with more beams to form a strong and stable structure that can support a roof.

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (11)

Image - Labels

(1) Ridge beam

(2) Purlins

(3) Common rafters

This is an example of a "double roof" with principal rafters and common rafters.

Triangles are extremely important shapes when it comes to engineering. From bridges to houses, and even airplanes -- using triangles in structures will always be important!

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (12)

What is structural engineering?

This video (1:41 min.) from PBS LearningMedia provides a brief introduction to structural engineering and the types of things structural engineers build. Note that this resource was also used as a reference.

Strong Structures with Triangles (2017)

Video (5:02 min.) from Design Squad Global explaining the strength of triangles and their use in different kinds of structures. Includes demonstration of building different structures using toothpick shapes and discusses why some structures are better than others.

Bridge Building Basics

Activity from All Science Fair Projects.com introducing the strength of triangles and truss bridges. Includes videos and a simple experiment.

Career Profile: Structural Design Technologist

Career profile from Let's Talk Science on Megan Chambers, a structural design technologist.

Career Profile: Structural Engineer

Career profile from Let's Talk Science on Nathan Murdoch, a junior structural engineer-in-training

Structures: Bridges And Gates

A picture collection from Let's Talk Science of bridges and gates from around the world.

Structures: Statues And Towers

A picture collection from Let's Talk Science of statues and towers from around the world.

Lesson plan: It's All in the Shape

A lesson plan from Let's Talk Science about the strength of various shapes in structures.

References

McMilan, B. (2014, September 26). Shapes in math, science and nature: Squares, triangles and circles. CM Magazine.

North Carolina Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Truss bridges.

SkyCiv. (n.d.). Types of truss structures.

Vermont Timber Works. (n.d.). King post truss.

Forces on Structures

Structures

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? (2024)

FAQs

Why is a Triangle a Strong Shape? ›

When a force (the load) is applied to one of the corners of a triangle, it is distributed down each side. The two sides of the triangle are squeezed. Another word for this squeezing is compression. The third side of the triangle is pulled, or stretched sideways.

What makes a triangle strong and stable? ›

What made it stronger? The sides were able to support the entire shape, instead of collapsing. This is due to the fixed size of the sides, which in turn fixes the size of the angles, so the triangle cannot be adjusted like a hexagon or pentagon could.

What shape is the strongest? ›

Though triangles may be the strongest in a technical sense, there are distinct advantages other shapes can provide over them. Take cylinders, for example. Pillars have shown great capabilities in withstanding the test of time. This is because rounded shapes don't have points of weakness.

Why are triangles strong enough to build structures? ›

The triangle cannot be deformed under force without changing the length of one of its sides (assuming the sides are rigid). Because it is not easily deformed, the triangle is an extremely popular shape for use in construction.

Did you know the triangle is the strongest shape? ›

A triangle is the strongest because each of its sides supports the other two. They don't bend when force is applied to them as a result. Why is hexagon known as the most energy efficient shape?

Why is a triangle a stronger shape? ›

When a force (the load) is applied to one of the corners of a triangle, it is distributed down each side. The two sides of the triangle are squeezed. Another word for this squeezing is compression. The third side of the triangle is pulled, or stretched sideways.

What is the weakest shape? ›

If you Google the weakest shape, the most common answer is the circle.

What is stronger, a triangle or a circle? ›

The triangle has three corners to support its load, the square has four, the hexagon has six and the octagon has eight corners. In contrast, the circle can be viewed as having 360 corners. Thus, the circle is by far the strongest shaped column.

Are triangles stronger than hexagons? ›

The list of structures from strongest to weakest are: (1) cylinder (averaging 164.8 kg of load at crushing weight), (2) hexagon (averaging 136.8 kg of load at crushing weight), (3) square (averaging 127 kg of load at crushing weight), (4) triangle (averaging 89.2 kg of load at crushing weight).

Why are triangles so important? ›

But triangles aren't just mathematically significant, they are also fundamental to the way we build our environments, both physical and virtual. Triangles are special because they are exceptionally strong. Out of all the two-dimensional shapes we can make out of straight struts of metal, only a triangle is rigid.

Why are triangles better than rectangles? ›

It seems that triangles give you more sandwich filling per bite. A triangular sandwich has two 45° corners that allow you to bite much further towards the middle on your first two bites, where there is more filling. This is followed up by a perfect, crustless third bite as you take the space left in the middle.

Why do triangles make bridges strong? ›

Three equal sides give it inherent stability and optimal weight distribution. The magic happens when you combine triangles. The resulting structure allows stress to be evenly distributed across the entire structure. That means a structure made of triangles weigh dramatically less than solid structure.

What are the advantages of a triangular structure? ›

Natural Stability! By its shape, a triangle under stress shares the load between its sides, resisting deformation by creating a “partnership” that enables the whole unit to support much more than the sum of the individual parts.

What is the strongest shape for building a structure? ›

Therefore, triangles are the strongest shape. This idea is supported by research and real uses of triangles in construction and design. I learned that triangles are the most rigid shape because forces on a triangle are distributed evenly along its three sides.

How strong is the triangle? ›

Triangles are the strongest shape there is. Any weight placed on them is evenly distributed on all 3 sides. They represent geometric sturdiness; no matter how much weight you put on any side, it will not break.

Why is a triangle the most rigid shape? ›

By definition, a shape is rigid when the distances between its points is constant. In a triangle there are three pairs of points and if you fix the side lengths the shape is perforce rigid.

What makes a structure strong and stable? ›

It depends on material used to build the structure, and the shape of the structure. All materials have a breaking stress, which is the maximum force per unit of surface area that they can bear without breaking. The shape of the structure determine its rigidity. Rigidity also comes from triangulation and welding joints.

What makes up the stability triangle? ›

The forklift stability triangle is an invisible triangle formed by the pivot point on the rear axle and the two front wheels joined by the front axle. As long as the center of gravity of the load is within this stability triangle, the forklift truck will not tip over.

What are the strengths of a triangle? ›

Triangles are the strongest shape there is. Any weight placed on them is evenly distributed on all 3 sides. They represent geometric sturdiness; no matter how much weight you put on any side, it will not break.

How much weight can a triangle hold? ›

The triangle structure held the most weight, an average of 55.2 kilograms. This was almost five times as much as the rectangle structure, which held an average of 11.3 kilograms, and 16% more than the square structure, which held an average of 47.6 kilograms.

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