Introduction: What are the 7 Art Forms?
As the art world changes, so do the different forms of art. In fact, with the arrival of different types of art throughout the ages, the notion of the seven significant forms of art has been altered several times with the arrival of new media. Furthermore, today when we speak of ‘art’ we all think of ‘visual art’ to be more specific. However, this was not the case.
The seven different art forms are Painting, Sculpture, Literature, Architecture, Theater, Film, and Music. However, back in the day, the seven different art forms were called the Liberal Arts, consisting of Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, and Music.
It is clear to say there has been a substantial development within the seven art forms, from the liberal arts to the art forms we know today. In fact, from a historical perspective, only music and arguably literature was seen as art forms with the Liberal Arts, also known as the Artes Liberales.[1]
During the Middle Ages, visual arts such as painting or sculpture were, in fact, seen as crafts and not ‘art’ as we know it today. The paintings were not signed, and the artist did not have any fame as he was merely a tool to realize a commissioned artwork. However, at a certain point in history, around 1300-1400, the craftsman became aware of their extraordinary talent and personal innovations and contribution to the history of their practice. A landmark was the Arnolfini portrait by Jan Van Eyck, who signed ‘Van Eyck was here’ above the mirror in the background, making a statement as an artist.[2]
The tone was set. With the Renaissance in Italy, the masters became true artists instead of mere craftsmen as the designo interno (the artist’s idea, the image in his mind) became increasingly important. At this point, they argued visual art should be the eighth form of art.
However, with the development of the educational system, the Liberal Arts faded in history. With new technologies and new media appearing, the idea of 7 primary art forms was redesigned entirely. Therefore, this article discusses every art form individually to present you with a complete overview.
Please note: If you are an artist, read our article on How To Succeed As an Artist. Or, feel free to head over to our Services for artists, to get featured on CAI or request professional 1-on-1 advice.
1. Painting
We start with one of the most popular and thus – arguably – one of the most important art forms, painting. Painting has been a compelling force throughout history in the arts. Think of our example of the Arnolfini Portrait mentioned above, in which the artisans started to become artists.
With painting, the artist works on a two-dimensional surface. This surface is mostly a stretched linen, cotton canvas, or wooden panel. Some artists also paint on other surfaces, such as metal or plastic. Think of copper or linoleum, to name a few.
The substance or medium the artist uses is, of course, paint, mostly acrylic, tempera, or oil paint. In order to paint, there is also a medium to manipulate the paint. With tempera, the artist uses egg and water. This technique was prevalent in Italy before oil painting, and its possibilities were introduced by Northern artists. With acrylic paint, the artist only needs water. With oil paint, the artist uses a painting medium of oil, such as linseed oil, walnut oil, or turpentine. Oil painting was invented – or rather perfectionized – by the aforementioned Jan Van Eyck in the 14th century, resulting in a breakthrough in painting, enabling artists to achieve a very high sense of naturalism due to this technique.
Although being vigorously contested in the 1960s and 1970s when painting was proclaimed dead, painting remains one of the most important art forms. When we look at auction results, the paintings break the auction records when it comes to art objects. Think of the recently auctioned Salvator Mundi by Leonardo Da Vinci, which was sold for a whopping 450 million dollars in 2017 at Christie’s (see image above). Furthermore, if one thinks of the most famous artworks, paintings pop into our minds, such as Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, Rembrandt’s Night Watch, Manet’s Déjeuner sur L’Herbe, or Picasso’s Guernica.
When it comes to contemporary painting, we have sketched the current state of the arts with a list article of the 20 Most Famous Painters Today and an extensive article titled Contemporary Painting: A Complete Overview. If you are a painter yourself and you are wondering how to succeed as a painter, feel free to read our article How To Succeed As A Painter/Artist: The Things You Actually Need To Know.
For a more comprehensive take on the history of painting, we highly recommend Art That Changed the World: Transformative Art Movements and the Paintings That Inspired Them. Or when it comes to contemporary painting, we highly recommendPainting Todayby Tony Godfrey, published by Phaidon.
2. Sculpture
The second central pillar of visual arts is, without any doubt, sculpture. With sculpture, visual art is no longer limited to the dimensional surface of a painting, drawing, or photograph, as it consists of all three-dimensional artworks. A sculpture is most often produced using materials such as marble, wood, copper, or bronze.
Even today, these materials are most frequently used. However, with the arrival of new technologies, think of 3D printing, plexiglass, fiberglass, steel, epoxy, or electronic devices, sculpture takes on various materials used by contemporary sculptors.
Not only did the technological developments affect the materials used, but so did the development of art history. One of the critical moments in recent art history is, without any doubt, Marcel Duchamp’s fountain, which introduced the ready-made into the three-dimensional world of sculpture. Ever since, daily objects, which can be pretty much everything, can be implemented in sculpture. Further, with the arrival of Installation Art, three-dimensional artworks are no longer fixed objects but can also be decors or assemblages of objects in a room.
Throughout the 20th century, sculpture has moved towards abstraction alongside painting. In doing so, what started with Rodin’s Modern figurative sculptures (see image above) developed into serene and often Minimal works of art using non-representational shapes in sculpture. Make sure to read our extensive article on Contemporary Sculpture, and discover the state of the arts when it comes to the art form in question and the top 30 sculptors today.
For further reading on sculpture, we highly recommend The Elements of Sculpture: A Viewer’s Guide or, when it comes to contemporary sculpture, we recommendSculpture Todayby Judith Collins.
3. Literature
We briefly move away from the visual arts and take on literature as our third art form. Literature as an art form consists of the art of words or written work. Think of poetry, prose, drama fiction, or non-fiction. The most common non-fiction genres are essays, letters, diaries, and biographies.
Literature has been considered a form of art for centuries. Think of ancient poetry or Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy (see image above). Throughout history, one can identify the same art movements of visual arts in literature. Think of realism, romanticism, surrealism, or Minimalism.
A significant reference for literature as an art form – and recommended for further reading – is The Norton Anthology of World Literature.
4. Architecture
Up next, we encounter architecture as our fourth form of art. Architecture has always had an obvious and strong connection with art. Architecture is not only a practice of constructing buildings or other structures. It also has a powerful cultural, aesthetic, and even ideological purpose.
Architectural monuments are cultural symbols that define not only a location, such as a city but also an era. They are a historical witness of a particular period as we have always strived towards grand achievements with our architecture. Architecture is a form of communication. It can tell a story, intimidate its visitors, convince someone of a specific belief or contribute to a spiritual experience.
As with literature, visual art movements are also translated into a particular movement in architecture. Think of the classical architecture in Greece, the Gothic architecture in the Medieval ages filled with gothic sculptures and religious paintings, the Renaissance and Brunelleschi dome in Firenze, or Frank Gehry’s deconstructivist museum building in Bilbao (see image above).
For further reading on the history of architecture as a form of art, we highly recommend Marvin Trachtenberg’s Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity.
5. Theater
Our fifth form of art consists of theatre or the performing arts in general, with the exception of music. Think of dance or drama that must be performed in front of an audience. Although very different in many ways compared to other visual arts, theatre or the performing arts are intensely expressive, marked by emotions and feelings, on stage and in the theatre hall.
With this form of art, there is no object. The art itself is in the execution, making it temporary and volatile. As a result, every execution of a specific work is different than before, as it is impossible to reproduce the same performance exactly. In recent years, it has become possible to capture the performance or allow it to be experienced in private through film due to the arrival of photography and video. However, the intensity or the so-called on-stage magic is at its best during the live version of the work.
In theatre or dance, there is more than just one artist, as many different actors influence the artwork. The choreographer or writer is often seen as the leading artist of the work in question. However, the stage designers, performers, light technicians, the composer of the music, the costume designers, and many more contribute to the final product and have a significant influence.
A very strong history is connected to theatre or the performing arts as an art form. For further reading, we highly recommend The Art of Theatre: Then and Now.
6. Film
We arrive at our second to last art form: film or cinema. Film was invented by the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century. With the invention and experimentation of motion pictures, an entirely new art form was introduced. At first, people were intensely occupied with the so-called cinema of attractions, in which the film’s central idea was simply the wonder of moving pictures.
As a result, the first films did not have an actual storyline. For instance, one of the most iconic early films is simply the arrival of a train at a railway station. However, as we entered the first few decades of the 20th century, the narrative became much more important as montage techniques became essential methods to produce films. Artists were very interested in film from the start. Some of the most influential films are made by visual artists, such as the surrealist Luis Bunuel and his iconic picture Un Chien Andalou from 1929 (see image above).
For further reading, we highly recommend Film History: An Introduction.
7. Music
Our final form of art is the art of music. Art is not an object, nor can it be visually experienced with music. The art itself is the arrangement of sound in time. As with theatre, music needs a performance. As a result, it is only temporary and volatile. Music is one of the most expressive forms of art and has a very direct impact.
Music has a very extensive history, from Ancient pan flutes to 21st-century pop music. As discussed in our introduction, music was already an art form during the Liberal Arts and has always had a very high social status.
For further reading on the history of music, we highly recommend A History of Western Music.
Notes:
[1] Parker, H. “The Seven Liberal Arts.”The English Historical Review5, no. 19 (1890): 417–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/546447.
[2] Panofsky, Erwin. “Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait.”The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs64, no. 372 (1934): 117–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/865802.
Last Updated on September 15, 2023
